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- All Parties, taking into account their common but differentiated responsibilities and
their specific national and regional development priorities, objectives and circumstances,
shall:
- Develop, periodically update, publish and make available to the Conference of the
Parties, in accordance with Article 12, national inventories of anthropogenic emissions by
sources and removals by sinks of all greenhouse gases not controlled by the
Montreal Protocol, using comparable methodologies to be agreed upon by the Conference of the
Parties;
- Formulate, implement, publish and regularly update national and, where appropriate,
regional programmes containing measures to mitigate climate change by addressing
anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks of all greenhouse gases not
controlled by the Montreal Protocol, and measures to facilitate adequate adaptation to
climate change;
- Promote and cooperate in the development, application and diffusion, including
transfer, of technologies, practices and processes that control, reduce or prevent
anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol in
all relevant sectors, including the energy, transport, industry, agriculture, forestry and
waste management sectors;
- Promote sustainable management, and promote and cooperate in the conservation
and enhancement, as appropriate, of sinks and reservoirs of all greenhouse gases not
controlled by the Montreal Protocol, including biomass, forests and oceans as well as
other terrestrial, coastal and marine ecosystems;
- Cooperate in preparing for adaptation to the impacts of climate change; develop and
elaborate appropriate and integrated plans for coastal zone management, water resources
and agriculture, and for the protection and rehabilitation of areas, particularly in Africa,
affected by drought and desertification, as well as floods;
- Take climate change considerations into account, to the extent feasible, in their
relevant social, economic and environmental policies and actions, and employ appropriate
methods, for example impact assessments, formulated and determined nationally, with a
view to minimizing adverse effects on the economy, on public health and on the quality of
the environment, of projects or measures undertaken by them to mitigate or adapt to
climate change;
- Promote and cooperate in scientific, technological, technical, socio-economic and
other research, systematic observation and development of data archives related to the
climate system and intended to further the understanding and to reduce or eliminate the
remaining uncertainties regarding the causes, effects, magnitude and timing of climate
change and the economic and social consequences of various response strategies;
- Promote and cooperate in the full, open and prompt exchange of relevant scientific,
technological, technical, socio-economic and legal information related to the climate
system and climate change, and to the economic and social consequences of various
response strategies;
- Promote and cooperate in education, training and public awareness related to climate
change and encourage the widest participation in this process, including that of non-
governmental organizations; and
- Communicate to the Conference of the Parties information related to implementation,
in accordance with Article 12.
- The developed country Parties and other Parties included in Annex I commit
themselves specifically as provided for in the following:
- Each of these Parties shall adopt national 1/ policies and take corresponding measures
on the mitigation of climate change, by limiting its anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse
gases and protecting and enhancing its greenhouse gas sinks and reservoirs. These
policies and measures will demonstrate that developed countries are taking the lead in
modifying longer-term trends in anthropogenic emissions consistent with the objective of
the Convention, recognizing that the return by the end of the present decade to earlier
levels of anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases not
controlled by the Montreal Protocol would contribute to such modification, and taking
into account the differences in these Parties' starting points and approaches, economic
structures and resource bases, the need to maintain strong and sustainable economic
growth, available technologies and other individual circumstances, as well as the need for
equitable and appropriate contributions by each of these Parties to the global effort
regarding that objective. These Parties may implement such policies and measures jointly
with other Parties and may assist other Parties in contributing to the achievement of the
objective of the Convention and, in particular, that of this subparagraph;
- In order to promote progress to this end, each of these Parties shall communicate,
within six months of the entry into force of the Convention for it and periodically
thereafter, and in accordance with Article 12, detailed information on its policies and
measures referred to in subparagraph (a) above, as well as on its resulting projected
anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks of greenhouse gases not
controlled by the Montreal Protocol for the period referred to in subparagraph (a), with
the aim of returning individually or jointly to their 1990 levels these anthropogenic
emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal
Protocol. This information will be reviewed by the Conference of the Parties, at its first
session and periodically thereafter, in accordance with Article 7;
- Calculations of emissions by sources and removals by sinks of greenhouse gases for
the purposes of subparagraph (b) above should take into account the best available
scientific knowledge, including of the effective capacity of sinks and the respective
contributions of such gases to climate change. The Conference of the Parties shall
consider and agree on methodologies for these calculations at its first session and review
them regularly thereafter;
- The Conference of the Parties shall, at its first session, review the adequacy of
subparagraphs (a) and (b) above. Such review shall be carried out in the light of the best
available scientific information and assessment on climate change and its impacts, as well
as relevant technical, social and economic information. Based on this review, the
Conference of the Parties shall take appropriate action, which may include the adoption of
amendments to the commitments in subparagraphs (a) and (b) above. The Conference of
the Parties, at its first session, shall also take decisions regarding criteria for joint
implementation as indicated in subparagraph (a) above. A second review of
subparagraphs (a) and (b) shall take place not later than 31 December 1998, and thereafter
at regular intervals determined by the Conference of the Parties, until the objective of the
Convention is met;
- Each of these Parties shall :
- Coordinate as appropriate with other such Parties, relevant economic and
administrative instruments developed to achieve the objective of the Convention; and
- Identify and periodically review its own policies and practices which encourage
activities that lead to greater levels of anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases not
controlled by the Montreal Protocol than would otherwise occur;
- The Conference of the Parties shall review, not later than 31 December 1998,
available information with a view to taking decisions regarding such amendments to the
lists in Annexes I and II as may be appropriate, with the approval of the Party
concerned;
- Any Party not included in Annex I may, in its instrument of ratification, acceptance,
approval or accession, or at any time thereafter, notify the Depositary that it intends to be
bound by subparagraphs (a) and (b) above. The Depositary shall inform the other
signatories and Parties of any such notification.
- The developed country Parties and other developed Parties included in Annex II shall
provide new and additional financial resources to meet the agreed full costs incurred by
developing country Parties in complying with their obligations under Article 12, paragraph
1. They shall also provide such financial resources, including for the transfer of
technology, needed by the developing country Parties to meet the agreed full incremental
costs of implementing measures that are covered by paragraph 1 of this Article and that
are agreed between a developing country Party and the international entity or entities
referred to in Article 11, in accordance with that Article. The implementation of these
commitments shall take into account the need for adequacy and predictability in the flow
of funds and the importance of appropriate burden sharing among the developed country
Parties.
- The developed country Parties and other developed Parties included in Annex II shall
also assist the developing country Parties that are particularly vulnerable to the adverse
effects of climate change in meeting costs of adaptation to those adverse effects.
- The developed country Parties and other developed Parties included in Annex II shall
take all practicable steps to promote, facilitate and finance, as appropriate, the transfer of,
or access to, environmentally sound technologies and know-how to other Parties,
particularly developing country Parties, to enable them to implement the provisions of the
Convention. In this process, the developed country Parties shall support the development
and enhancement of endogenous capacities and technologies of developing country
Parties. Other Parties and organizations in a position to do so may also assist in
facilitating the transfer of such technologies.
- In the implementation of their commitments under paragraph 2 above, a certain degree
of flexibility shall be allowed by the Conference of the Parties to the Parties included in
Annex I undergoing the process of transition to a market economy, in order to enhance
the ability of these Parties to address climate change, including with regard to the
historical level of anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases not controlled by the
Montreal Protocol chosen as a reference.
- The extent to which developing country Parties will effectively implement their
commitments under the Convention will depend on the effective implementation by
developed country Parties of their commitments under the Convention related to financial
resources and transfer of technology and will take fully into account that economic and
social development and poverty eradication are the first and overriding priorities of the
developing country Parties.
- In the implementation of the commitments in this Article, the Parties shall give full
consideration to what actions are necessary under the Convention, including actions
related to funding, insurance and the transfer of technology, to meet the specific needs and
concerns of developing country Parties arising from the adverse effects of climate change
and/or the impact of the implementation of response measures, especially on:
- Small island countries;
- Countries with low-lying coastal areas;
- Countries with arid and semi-arid areas, forested areas and areas liable to forest decay;
- Countries with areas prone to natural disasters;
- Countries with areas liable to drought and desertification;
- Countries with areas of high urban atmospheric pollution;
- Countries with areas with fragile ecosystems, including mountainous ecosystems;
- Countries whose economies are highly dependent on income generated from the production, processing and export, and/or on consumption of fossil fuels and associated energy-intensive products; and
- Land-locked and transit countries.
Further, the Conference of the Parties may take actions, as appropriate, with respect to
this paragraph.
- The Parties shall take full account of the specific needs and special situations of the
least developed countries in their actions with regard to funding and transfer of
technology.
- The Parties shall, in accordance with Article 10, take into consideration in the
implementation of the commitments of the Convention the situation of Parties, particularly
developing country Parties, with economies that are vulnerable to the adverse effects of
the implementation of measures to respond to climate change. This applies notably to
Parties with economies that are highly dependent on income generated from the
production, processing and export, and/or consumption of fossil fuels and associated
energy-intensive products and/or the use of fossil fuels for which such Parties have serious
difficulties in switching to alternatives.
1/ This includes polices and measures adopted by regional economic integration organizations.
[ INDEX ] ARTICLE 3 ARTICLE 5
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